Palace of Caligula/ Tiberius- Roma Vicomagistri relief from the Julio Claudian Period.
Germanicus (father of Caligula) This was restored in the 1960', was in horrible condition.
Fragment of a relief of a double Suovetaurilia sacrifice, Julio Claudian period. 25-50 A.D.? Grey-veined marble , 230 x 180 cm. The Louvre (MA 1096-MR852 - N 1119). Cat. no. 31. Discovered in Rome in the late 15th century, then part of the Grimaldi collection, it was seized in 1798 during the revolution and exchanged in 1816. These purification rites involved the sacrifice of a pig, ram, and bull led by a priest, most probably the emperor. His face and those of several of the other figures were restored after it was found. Text paraphrased from article. (Courtesy Photo Prof. John Pollini) "The Senate and the Roman people to the Emperor Caesar Augustus, son of the divine, eight times consul, has given this shield for his courage, his clemency, his justice, his piety towards the Gods and the Homeland" Actual mosaic from the Villa of Tiberius at Capri. Villa Jovis Julio Claudian Glass Wine Vessel- Claudian to Neronian Period Tomb of Poblicius-The reconstructed tomb of Lucius Poblicius, a Legionary infantryman, dating from around 40 A.D. (Caligulan Period) and standing about 15 meters high. Rare example of Roman cameo glass (first half 1st century A.D.)
The Follwing Bronze artefacts are from Caligula's Pleasure Barge at Lake Nemi One of little double-herm whic decorated the bronze parapet Caligula's ships on the lake Nemi - they represent figures from the bacchic cercle - Silen, satyrs an Maenads. About 40 A.D.
Cult chair Archaeologists have unearthed a wealth of information on the ancient villas of the Bay of Naples, but they know almost nothing about the furniture that filled the sumtuously decorated homes. most pieces were destroyed by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. Now excavators working in Herculaneum, near the fam ous Villa of the Papyri, have uncovered parts of a remarkable chair. Made of wood and ivory, the chair is the first of its type ever found. Although fragmentary, its decorations depict scenes of the cult of Attis, a Near Eastern deity who was driven mad by the goddess Cybelle and castrated himself, only to be reborn as a pine tree. On the chair are scenes of a pine tree with offerings at its base, Dionysos leaning on a pine tree, and a satyr with a pine, as well as cupids playing cymbals. The images allude to the celebration of the death and rebirth of Attis, who was introduced to the Romans under the reign of the emperor Claudius. Text from News
1st century AD - From Witcham Gravel, Ely, Cambridgeshire. The helmet would have protected the wearer's head with an inner iron head-piece and neck-guard, which are now largely missing. Though the small bosses would have helped deflect blows from weapons, the outer bronze casing is mostly decorative. The crest box, one cheek-piece and several of the bosses are now missing. (photo by Soccoro)
Another View of Caligula's Palace (Palatine) This large -- about 40’ by 50’ – mosaic depicts a meeting of the cult of the divine Augustus. Until the first century BC, the idea of declaring a mortal leader as “god” was anathema to republican Roman thinking. When Gaius Julius Caesar (the one from whom the term Caesar was coined) was murdered, however, the people of Rome spontaneously erected temples to his memory. His designated heir, his nephew Octavius who later took the name Caesar Augustus, declared himself the first Emperor of Rome and decided that if the people considered his uncle Gaius Julius a god then he should be one as well. Rather than waiting for the people to worship him on their own, however, Caesar Augustus set up an official state-supported cult to remember his name. Attributed to the worship of the Genius of the emperor Vespasianus, the building was under construction or being remodelled at the time of the eruption (79 AD). At the back of an outdoor courtyard is the small temple, with four columns on the front, accessed by stairs on either side of the podium, with the statue of the emperor: In the center, on a low plinth, is the white marble altar: on the long side is the scene with the sacrifice of a bull, typical of the imperial cult; in the background, a temple similar to this same building has led scholars to suggest that it is a sacrifice celebrated for its inauguration. On the short sides are the tools of the ritual; on the other long side is the civic crown of oak leaves resting on a shield, a prerogative of his imperial majesty.
A few scholars believe that the temple was dedicated to the Genius of Octavian Augustus (63 BC - 14 AD), the first Roman emperor: the religious title of 'Augustus' was granted by the Senate in 27 BC), then to the Genius of the various emperors that followed, and finally to Titus Flavius Vespasianus.
Tiberius' Villa Jovis- Caligula spent his youth here. Isle of Capri.
Classification: Vessels
Exquisitely crafted and unusually well preserved silver goblet with a judgement scene in raised relief. The subject has been interpreted in various ways by scholars. A Roman emperor with features resembling Augustus, clad in a toga, sits on a throne, while a man in a sleeveless tunic approaches him holding an axe with long handle. A woman turns to both figures with her arms upraised in a gesture of appeal, as two small children cling to her robe. Behind the woman is a striding man, dressed in a tunic and hooded coat. The scene has been interpreted as an allegory showing Augustus as the new pharaoh of Egypt, personified by the woman; as a judgement scene in which the woman has been comdemned and is about to be executed; as a representation of the legend of Bocchoris; as the judgment of King Creon from the Medea of Euripides; and even as an image of King Solomon. This goblet may have been seized by the Meroites in a military raid on Aswan in 24 BC. (Used under the MFA Educational Only Guidleines)
The Romans produced suction force pumps in all types for all sea and land necessities. One of the archeological discoveries which most contributed to on/ knowledge of Roman metallurgy was the recovery of two ships of lake Nemi... These ships contained lead pipe (in the ship plumbing system), valves, pieces of equipment including a rotating table on ball bearings and several metallic objects made from various alloys of iron, copper and bronze which vary according to their intended use. The lead pipe conforms to the dimensions and norms set in Frontinus' text... The inscriptions on the lead pipe found on the Nemi ships have done more to date the ships than the masonry trademarks... But the precise dating of the Nemi Ships based on the name of Caligula (37 to 41 A.D.) has been established by the for fstulae found three inside the first ship and the fourth nearby with their seal G. CAESARIS AVG GERMANIC all stamped with the same die (evidenced by the imperfect impression of the C on the various pieces of pipe)... The valve found on board is according to the standards a vicenaria in perfect working condition... The rotating platform found on the Nemi ship establishes that the Romans were acquainted with and used ball-bearings. Bronze bearings fixed in place by pins were positioned around the circumference of the platform at regular intervals to permit the rotary movement scythe load. (Photo by Nacleben
Praetorian relief circa 51-52 A.D., marble 161 x 123 cm. The Louvre in Paris, (MA 210MR.337) Cat. no. 115. Found in Rome , documented in 1577, and part of the Mattei collection since 1615, it was aquired in 1824. Part of the arch of Princeps Claudius, ruled from 41-54 A.D. Parts of this wonderful Julio Claudian sculpture were restored in the 16th century. (partly from art text.) Joe Geranio
Augustus receiving the surrender of barbarians. Boscoreale Vessel.
Tiberius Triumphant. Boscoreale Vessel.
Column drum Egyptian, Greco-Roman Period, reign of Augustus, 30 B.C to A.D. 14
Koptos, Egypt Height x diameter: 64cm (25 3/16in.) x 49cm (19 5/16in.) Painted sandstone
Classification: Architectural elements
Sunk relief. Sandstone with gesso and traces of red, gold, pale blue, and black pigments. Pigments preserved primarily on upper part. Top register (partial): Vultures or falcons, kheker-frieze, vertical cartouches; second register: striped band; third register: text band; lower register (incomplete): 15 columns of text. Cartouches of Augustus. (Used Under the MFA Educational Only Guidelines)
Clivus Palatinus: the name applied for convenience (it has no ancient warranty) to the road/path ascending to the Palatine from the Sacra Via (q.v.) near the Arch of Titus. A small piece of its pavement belonging to the time of Sulla was found at about 29 metres above sea-level, and considerable remains of that laid by Augustus at a slightly higher level have been found near the Arch of Titus. That of Nero was slightly higher again and was about 17 m. Arch of Claudius at Saepinum- Julio Claudian inscriptions are rare on monuments.
The Interior of the remains of palace of Tiberius/Caligula
Statuette of flying Victory Roman, Early Imperial Period, 1st century B.C. to 1st century A.D.
Height: 16 cm (6 5/16 in.) Bronze (Used under MFA Educational Guidelines Only)
Classification: Sculpture
The extended right hand held a wreath, and a small trophy or standard or palm was undoubtedly supported in the crook of the left arm. Green patina, with some pitting. Right arm from above elbow missing; edges of wings and drapery slightly damaged. The image is based on the Victory alighting on the globe of world dominion set up by Augustus in the Senate House in 29 B.C. to commemorate the battle of Actium
Another view of Palace of Caligula/Tiberius Remains Base for a decorative shaft (candelabrum) Roman, Early Imperial Period, Augustan, about 30–20 B.C.
Height (without plinth and cap): 103.5 cm (40 3/4 in.)
Marble, from Mt. Pentelikon near Athens
Classification: Architectural elements
This decorative base of a candelabrum with figures of Polykleitan statues in relief on its three panels was originally surmounted by a tall, round shaft carved with foliage or vegetal designs and a marble basin to hold a fire or a terminal such as a pine cone. Each side of this base bears a relief carving with a representation of a different classical Greek sculpture. These reliefs help date the base to the classical revival in art that took place in Augustan Rome.
Griffins with horns or "Chimaeras" support the corners, with rosettes, palmettes, double spirals, and lotus flowers carved in lower relief on the surfaces between. The "statues," on tiny plinths, comprise (A) a youth wearing a chlamys from his left shoulder and a petasos hanging at his back; (B) a youth seen in three-quarters view from the back, a chlamys hanging from his left arm; and (C) a nude youth in front view. All three held objects in their raised hands, but these are now missing.
A number of similar Neo-Attic bases of the Augustan period are known. This is one of the few with statuesque gods, heroes, or athletes as subjects of its decorative reliefs. "A" seems to correspond with a Polykleitan Hermes, and "C" is a copy of the Doryphoros by that sculptor. Because of the timeless popularity of the motifs and the high quality of carving, it is difficult to date this ensemble. The piece may have stood in a temple, public building, private villa, or even in a funerary context.
The plinth and the cap are modern. Various parts of the decorative enrichment and of the figures have been broken off; there is a dowel hole in at least one break.
Provenance/Ownership History: According to a letter from E. P. Warren, dated August 28, 1896, it was found in 1856 while a house was being built in the Borgo Nuovo, Rome; by date unknown: with E. P. Warren from the collection of the Countess Maria della Porta Rodiani Carrara, Palazzo Lorenzana, Rome; purchased by MFA from E. P. Warren, 1896 (EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY)
Was this the cryptoporticus where Caligula was murdered?
Column drum Egyptian, Greco-Roman Period, reign of Augustus, 30 B.C. to A.D. 14
Height x diameter: 55 x 54 cm (21 5/8 x 21 1/4 in.) Sandstone with paint and traces of gold leaf
Classification: Architectural elements
The two scenes executed in sunk relief on this column drum both show the emperor Augustus presenting offerings to deities. On one side he offers a double libation to Osiris and Isis, and on the other side he offers incense to Min and Nephthys. THe scene are complete except for the lower part, from the knees down. (Used under the MFA Educational Only Guidleines)
Praetorian Guard from the Julio Claudian Period.
Villa Jovis- Caprae. Tiberian Period where Caligula spent part of his youth. Nero's Golden House- (Public Domain)
Sacrificial scene in front of the Temple of Mars Ultor. Relief from an altar of Claudian date similar to the Ara Pacis.
Arch of Augustus - Rimini Arch of Augustus - Rimini
Nero's Golden House- Public Domain
Ruins of the House of Augustus on Palatine Hill- Educational Use Only House of Livia Palatine Hill- (Public Domain)
House of Livia Palatine Hill- Public Domain
House of Livia Palatine Hill- Public Domain The Tomb of Augustus, but no one is home (Public Domain) The Relief Marker of Emperor Nero (Canal at Corinth)
Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero depicted at Dendera Egypt/
Rebuilt around the time of Nero 62 A.D.-Temple of Isis Naples (Public Domain)
Nero's Bath Tub found at the Golden House and on Display at The Vatican
Marble floor taken from the ruins of Villa Jovis from Tiberian period. Re-used at a Church. Some of the hill's dressed stone is piled up here in the lightwell of Nero's cryptoporticus. Originally linking the palace of Tiberius/Caligula with the house of Augustus, now it runs under the Farnese gardens.
The cryptoporticus has lost its roof in sections, revealing the simple white marble tesserae of the mosaic floor.
Palazzo Braschi itself is a solid and elegant palace dating to the eighteenth century, with a grand staircase boasting red granite columns once belonging to Caligula. The building's original frescoes can still be seen in many of the rooms of the museum.
Domus Tiberiana: * the palace erected by Tiberius on the north-west half of the Palatine. It is first mentioned in the accounts of the assassination of Galba (Tac. Hist. i.27 (Otho) . . . per Tiberianam domum in Velabrum, inde ad miliarium aureum sub aede Saturni pergit, cf. iii.84; Suet. Otho 6; Vitell. 15 cum (Vitellius) . . . incendium (on the Capitol) e Tiberiana prospiceret domo inter epulas; Plut. Galba 24), and must have been destroyed, not in the fire of Nero, but in that of 80 A.D. (Suet. Tit. 8; Hieron. a. Abr. 2096), for we are told that Vespasian o)li/ga e)n tw=| Palati/w=| w!|kei (which, if this palace, as well as the domus Transitoria, had been destroyed, he could not have done at all), and, as the construction and the brickstamps show, have been rebuilt under Domitian. Remains of an earlier house, in opus reticulatum, may be seen on the north side of the hill facing the Capitol, in and under the later substructions.
Caligula extended the palace towards the north-east (Suet. Cal. 22: partem Palatii ad Forum usque promovit, atque aede Castoris et Pollucis in vestibulum transfigurata, consistens saepe inter fratres deos, medium adorandum se adeuntibus exhibebat; cf. Cass. Dio lix.28; Josephus xix.11 (71) certainly refers to the Basilica Iulia (q.v.)), and thus made it into so imposing an edifice as to excite Pliny's remark bis vidimus urbem totam cingi domibus Gai et Neronis (NH xxxvi.111).
Of the remains of the original building of Tiberius we know practically nothing; but scanty traces of the extension of Caligula down to the temple of Castor and Pollux have been recognised in the course of the latest excavations — a peristyle with a large open water-basin, 26 by 9 metres (in which a fragmentary inscription Ger]manici f. was found, which has generally been referred to Caligula), in the centre, situated behind the temple and orientated with the domus Tiberiana — and higher up, of the reservoir, in three stories, by which it was supplied with water. Of the stairs which must have connected this vestibule with the palace on the hill above, nothing now remains (Mitt. 1902, 81; HJ 85; AJA 1924, 368‑398). For the fine stucco decorations of the cryptoporticus see Mem. Am. Acad. iv.44, 45. It certainly was not in this cryptoporticus, but perhaps in the smaller one to the south-east, that Caligula was murdered (supra, 158; YW 1911, 10; contrast HJ 78; HFP 68); for such an underground passage may have been left as a ruin even by a fire which consumed the rest of the house. The cryptoporticus on the south-east side of the domus Tiberiana is sometimes attributed to Nero (ZA 198; Mem. Am. Acad. v. pl. 62); this would account for the break in the wall, where the branch to the Domus Augustiana (q.v.) goes off, which, of course, cannot be earlier than the time of Domitian.
Domitian appears to have reconstructed the whole palace; the excavations of 1728 on the summit of the hill brought to light some fragments of columns and cornices, which appear to have belonged to his time (Mitt. 1895, 266‑268), and some similar fragments still lie about the garden which occupies the site. Further excavations were carried on here in 1860 ff. as to which we have very scanty information; the whole rectangle (about 100 by 150 metres) seems to have had a large courtyard with pillars in the centre and to have been divided into three approximately similar parts, to judge from Rosa's plan. A great deal of it (more than is generally supposed) rests upon arched substructions; and that these have, as is only natural, undergone later repairs, is clear from the presence, a long way in, of a copy of the brick-stamp — CIL xv.1081 (145‑155 A.D.); but further investigation is needed. For some fine pieces of pavement in opus sectile, see PT 183.
It is, of course, easier to study the outer extremities of the palace. At the north angle we must attribute to Domitian the huge pile, on the level of the forum, erected over the peristyle of Caligula, but on a divergent orientation, which is commonly known as the temple of Augustus (q.v.) with the two halls behind it, often called the Bibliotheca Templi Divi Augusti (q.v.), into which the church of S. Maria Antiqua was inserted before the sixth century (HCh 309; Rushforth, PBS i.1‑123; Mitt. 1902, 74‑82; 1905, 84‑94; HC 161‑180; Grüneisen, S. Marie Antique (Rome 1911); Wilpert, Mosaiken und Malereien, ii. passim), but by others supposed to be a reconstruction of the vestibule of the domus Gaiana (Jahrb. d. Inst. xxxvi.1‑36). To him we must also attribute the reconstruction of the exterior of the substructions of the palace itself, and especially the double-tiered balcony above the clivus Victoriae — the so‑called Bridge of Caligula (PBS vii.118‑120; AJA cit.); the rooms behind it are supposed to be guard rooms; see RA 63, 64; Mem. Am. Acad. iv.46‑48; HFP 67, 68.
A single-tiered balcony of the same form continues all round the exterior of the substructions as far as the east angle (JRIBA 1922, p561, fig. 8: ASA 135: the type is quite frequent at Ostia).
23 DOMUS TIBERIANA Inclined plane to Palatine (p193)
Hadrian enclosed the 'Temple of Augustus' group with a stately portico, with arcades connected by half columns. 'At the same time the lofty guardrooms on the slope above vanished, in their turn, behind even more lofty vaults and arches, which united the palace above to the new Atrium Vestae below, which is of the same period. As a link to unite these two great structures, Hadrian also built the majestic ramp by which one still ascends to the Palatine'; (AJA 1924, 398 and pl. x (Ill. 23); the plans in LF 29 = LR 155 and ZA 193 are less correct).
On the south-west side of the palace there are traces of work of the beginning of the second century A.D. (HJ 78, n96), especially in the vaulted chambers described in BC 1894, 95‑100; NS 1896, 162; LR 148, and in the open fish pond above them.
The domus Tiberiana is mentioned in Hist. Aug. Pius 10; Marcus 6; Verus 2, 6, as the residence of the emperors at that time (for the only evidence of reconstruction, see above), though by Domus Commodiana (Commodus 12) the Domus Augustiana (q.v.) is probably meant; and its library is spoken of by Fronto ad M. Caes. iv.5, p68, Naber, and Gellius xiii.20.1 (from whom is probably taken the false statement in Hist. Aug. Prob. 2: usus autem sum praecipue libris ex bibliotheca Ulpia — item ex domo Tiberiana: v. Forum Traianum).
Cf. also CIL vi.8653‑5 for inscriptions of slaves attached to it (8655a (= xiv.4120.3 = xv.7142), and 8656 should probably be added: the latter, which mentions domus Palatina, belonging probably to the time of Tiberius). It is also mentioned in the Notitia (Reg. X, Domum Augustianam et Tiberianam). See HJ 64, 76‑79; ZA 178, 189‑198.
For the graffiti (representing rope dancers) in a room at the lower level on the clivus Victoriae see Marucchi, Di alcuni graffiti del Palatino (1898); cf. Forum Romain et Palatin, 1903, 378‑380; BC 1895, 195‑196; AL 954. (Public Domain Status per L. Curtius guidelines)
Acquedotto Claudio.
L’acquedotto Claudio fuiniziato da Caligola nel 38 d.C. e completato dal successore Claudio nel 52 d.C. . L’acqua Claudia proveniva da sorgenti di ottima qualità situate nell’alta valle dell’Aniene, le fonti Cerulea e Curzia:il suo percorso complessivo fino alla città era di quasi 69 km . I materiali utilizzati per la costruzione sono il peperino (di colore grigio-verde) o il tufo rosso (di colore rossiccio). L’acquedotto aveva una portata d’acqua di 185.000 metri cubi di acqua al giorno.
THE WATER SUPPLY.
All along the line of the main street, so far as it has been excavated, a large lead waterpipe, one foot in internal diameter, has been found, though in some places pieces of it had been removed in antiquity, after the water supply had failed. It bears at frequent intervals the inscription: COLONORUM COLONIAE OSTIENSE (sic): in one place, however, opposite the Via della Fontana (plan, no. 22) we find the inscription: C. CAESAR AUG. GER(MANICUS); while in another, outside the gate we find instead Q. VERGILIUS TI . . . I . . . . VUS (or UUS), and on the other side IMP. DOMITIANO X COS. (A.D. 84). Vaglieri ifners [sic] (1) that the pipe was originally laid by Caligula, and that in A.D. 84 it became the property of the community.
Inscription from a wine barrel, mentioning C[aligula] Cae[sar] Aug[ustus] Ger[manicus] (from
(livius.org)
Museo Nazionale - Palazzo Massimo alle Terme. Altar of Mars from Ostia, 1st centruy AD. Photograph from 1999. (educational Use Only)
GRAVER OPP HISTORIEN: Arkeolog Darius Arya jobber på utgravningsfeltet over Caligulas palass. Arya og hans gruppe har funnet ut at Romerrikets tredje keiser innlemmet det hellige Castori-tempelet i sitt eget palass. Foto: REUTERS/Tony Gentile - HAN TRODDE HAN VAR GUD: En av arkeologene i ruinene etter Caligulas palass i Forum Romanum i Roma. Caligula innlemmet et flere hundre år gammelt tempel som entré i sitt eget palass. Det mener arkeologene viser at han selv mente han var en av gudene. Foto: AP Photo/Isidoro Pitera
APHRODISIAS Aphrodisia’s theatre was built in c.1 BCE, and dedicated to the Julio-Claudian family, or the Roman Emperors of the time. An interior wall was used to record important events and documents concerning the city. It records privileges granted the the Romans as well as treaties with nearby countries. Sort of like the town courthouse. Marcus Aurelius remodeled and restored the theater, deepening the ochrestra section. Two miles of the wall surrounding the ancient city can still be followed. This wall was constructed in c.260 BCE, long before the Romans supplied aid.
The heart of the city’s religious life was the Temple of Aphrodite, built and rebuilt between 41 BCE and 130 CE. There are 13 columns on the long side, with 8 on the short side with the cult statue inside. The local sculptors decorated the building in Ionian style, with reliefs and statues. The school for sculpture was next to the Temple, and part of the temple. Many unfinished statues were found in the area between the temple and the theater. Along with many sculpting tools, the evidence for a school is overwhelming. Apparently the school was open to the air and nothing of the building survived. (public domain )
Villa Jovis of Tiberius- (Where Caligula spent his Youth) Public domain photo
Domus Tiberiana
Pair of silver scyphi (cups) with relief decoration, Skyphoi with Erotes, pair, late 1st century B.C.–early 1st century A.D.; Early Imperial, Augustan Roman Purchase, Marguerite and Frank A. Cosgrove Jr. Fund and Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, 1994 (1994.43.1, .2) (educational Use Only)
Floating Palace of Caligula: Found Nemi (Public Domain)
But there can be very little doubt that Caligula was in some way involved because a lead pipe found on one of the wrecks read; ‘Property of Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus’. This was Caligula’s full name and he ruled from AD 37 to AD 41. This probable period of their building is also reinforced by the dates on a number of tiles taken from the wrecks. Inscription on lead pipe reads: CCAESARIS AVG GERMANI(cus) Finds off Caligula's Floating Palace (public domain)
Off Caligula's Ship
from Caligula's pleasure Barge at Nemi (Public Domain Photo)
The Circus Maximus is often confused with the Circus that was begun by Caligula and completed by Nero. The site now is on the site of St. Peters Basilica.
Silver scyphi cups with relief decoration Roman Augustan late 1st century BCE-early 1st century CE ( Courtesy M. Harrsch) Silver scyphi cups with relief decoration Roman Augustan late 1st century BCE-early 1st century CE (Courtesy M. Harrsch) Silver scyphi cups with relief decoration Roman Augustan late 1st century BCE-early 1st century CE (M. Harrsch) Silver scyphi cups with relief decoration Roman Augustan late 1st century BCE-early 1st century CE (M. Harrsch)
Silver scyphi cups with relief decoration Roman Augustan late 1st century BCE-early 1st century CE (M. Harrsch) In 40, the emperor Caligula visited Fectio when he was travelling to Lugdunum. The remains of a wine barrel from his personal vinyard have been found. Some thirty years later, the fortress was destroyed during the Batavian revolt and rebuilt as base of a cavalry squadron. The river Rhine had already started to silt up, and was later to change its course. Pottery from the kilns of the Twenty-second legion Primigenia at Xanten belongs to this period. Livius
Circus of Caligula and Nero-Where the Vatican is now (Model public Domain)
Villa of Caligula? at Nemi.
Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome Vol 45 (2000) Article Abstract
The Neronian Odeum at Cosa and its Sculptural Program: A New Julio-Claudian Dynastic Group
Jacquelyn Collins-Clinton
Epigraphical evidence reveals that between AD 52 and 54 the young Nero gave a sum of money to Cosa to rebuild the basilica, which had collapsed. In the space of its former nave, the new basilica contained a block of seats and a triple-niched scaenae frons with provisions for a temporary wooden stage. In the niches of the scaenae frons stood a group of three marble portrait statues depicting the nuclear family of Nero, the recently deceased Divus Claudius, and Agrippina Minor, mother of Nero, widow of Claudius, and priestess of his cult. This paper examines this unique basilica/odeum complex in the context of its form and meaning in the town life of Cosa under the Empire. It also presents and interprets a new Julio-Claudian dynastic group and its iconographic significance, and it seeks to identify the patron who may have dedicated the statues. http://www.aarome.org/publications/pubs_maar_45_04.htm
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APHRODISIAS 
